Publication: Kamu-özel sektör işbirliği projeleri: Devlet garantisi konusunda bir sentez çalışması
Date
2020
Authors
Mahmutoğlu, Muhammed Yekcan
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı / Proje Yönetimi Bilim Dalı
Abstract
Son yıllarda Türkiye'de ve diğer gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ön plana çıkan kamu özel işbirliği projeleri, bir çok faktörü içerisinde barındırmaktadır. Geçmişi 18.yüzyıla kadar dayanan bu projeler; inşaat, sağlık, işletme ve yönetim gibi geniş çaplı bir sektör ağına sahiptir. Birinci bölümde yer alan litaretür çalışmasında bu sektörlerin dağılımı detaylı bir şekilde gösterilmektedir. Mevcut tez çalışması kapsamında, inşaat sektöründe gerçekleştirilen kamu özel işbirliği projeleri incelenmiştir. Öncelikle bu modelin tarihçesine ve proje ve yapım süreci tamamlanmış mevcut projelere değinilerek, geçmişi anlayıp geleceğe yön verme anlayışı benimsenmiştir. Kamu özel işbirliği projelerinde hükümetler, özel işletmeleri altyapı ve üstyapı projelerine dahil edebilme adına garantiler vermek zorunda kalmış, bir çok risk faktörünü üstlenmiştir. Dünyada ve Türkiye'de uygulanan örnekler incelenerek, bu risk faktörlerinin hangi şekilde dağıldığı ve verilen garantilerin ne boyutta uygulanabilir olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. İlk olarak kredi derecelendirme notu Türkiye'ye yakın olan Brezilya'nın, iki KÖİ projesi incelenmiştir. Brezilya'da KÖİ projelerinin finansal garantilerini karşılayabilmek için oluşturulan fon ve şirketler incelenmiştir. Türkiye'de oluşturulan varlık fonuyla benzerlikleri araştırılarak, garanti kapsamında nasıl uygulanabileceğine değinilmiştir. Verilen hükümet garantilerinin ve risk faktöründeki adaletsiz dağılımın ne gibi olumsuzluklara yol açabileceği üçüncü bölümde anlatılmıştır. Çin'de gerçekleştirilen dört proje seçilerek, proje/performans değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda verilen yüksek garantilerin nasıl sonuçlar doğurduğuna ve hükümetleri nasıl zor durumda bıraktığına değinilmiştir. Türkiye'de gerçekleştirilen KÖİ projeleri dördüncü bölümde incelenmiştir. Bu projelerde verilen garantiler araştırılarak proje/performans analizi yapılmıştır. Verilen garantilerin hükümete ve dolaylı olarak da vatandaşlara ekonomik açıdan nasıl yansıdığına değinilmiştir. Verilen garanti değerlerinin hesaplanması esnasında kullanılan geleneksel yöntemlerin belirsizlik ve risk kavramlarına olması gerektiği ölçüde yer vermediği, mevcut projelerin incelenmesi doğrultusunda, belirlenmiştir. Bunun yerine sözleşme süresi içerisinde ve öncesinde de opsiyon seçeneklerini barındıran reel opsiyonlar yönteminin kullanılması gerektiğine değinilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; Türkiye'de gerçekleştirilen KÖİ modelli projelerde; risk yönetiminin gerekli şekilde uygulanamaması ve buna istinaden, hükümetin verdiği garantilerin hesaplanmasında karşılaştığı sorunlar bu eksikliğin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda diğer ülkelerde gerçekleştirilen KÖİ modelli projelerden örneklem oluşturularak, projelerin planlanması, gerçekleştirilmesi ve değerlendirilmesi sürecinde karşılaşılan olumlu/olumsuz çıktıların, Türkiye'deki KÖİ modelli projelere nasıl uyarlanabileceği ve garanti hesaplamalarında belirsizlik ve risk kavramlarını kullanarak daha opsiyonel bir seçeneğin ne şekilde oluşturulabileceği değerlendirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kamu Özel İşbirliği, Devlet Garantisi, Reel Opsiyon
Recent years, the public private parnership projects coming to the forefront in Turkey and the other developing countries, it incorporates a lot of factors. These factors includes different issues as construction, health, operation and management and date back to the 18th century. In the first chapter, the distribution of these sectors is shown in detail. Within the scope of the present thesis, public private cooperation projects realized in the construction sector were examined. Firstly, the history of this model explained and the construction process for the projects that have been completed within this model have been mentioned. To shape the future projects in line with past projects, have been benefited from positive and negative results in the past. In public-private cooperation projects, governments have had to give guarantees to include private enterprises in infrastructure and superstructure projects and have had to took over many risk factors because of this partnership. Examining samples applied in the world and Turkey, which includes in the form of these risk factors and what the warranty of this projects is applicable in size have been evaluated. First, because of the credit rating of Brazil close to Turkey, two PPP projects were investigated. Funds and companies created to meet the financial guarantees of PPP projects in Brazil were examined. Similar funds with Turkey have been investigated and emphasized how to apply it under warranty. In the third section, the negative effects of the government guarantees and the unfair distribution of risk factors have been explained. Four projects in China have been selected and project / performance evaluation have been conducted. The results of this assessment reveals to the results for the risk of high guarantees and in which cases the government can be in a difficult situation. PPP projects realized in Turkey have been examined in the fourth section. The guarantees given in these projects have been searched and project / performance analysis have been performed. It is mentioned how the guarantees given are reflected to the government and indirectly to the citizens in economic terms. It has been determined that the traditional methods used in the calculation of the guarantee values do not include the uncertainty and risk concepts that they should be, in line with the examination of the existing projects. Instead, it is stated that the real option method, which includes options during and before the contract period, should have been used. As a result; PPP model for projects which is carried out in Turkey; the inability to implement risk management properly and the problems faced by the government in calculating the guarantees provided the basis of this deficiency. In this respect, by selecting examples from PPP model projects realized in other countries; to problematize of project planning, implementation and evaluation processes encountered in the positive / negative outputs, how it can be adapted to the PPP model project in Turkey and how to create a more optional selection by using uncertainty and risk concepts in warranty calculations have been identified. Key Words: Public Private Partnership, Government Guarantee, Real Option
Recent years, the public private parnership projects coming to the forefront in Turkey and the other developing countries, it incorporates a lot of factors. These factors includes different issues as construction, health, operation and management and date back to the 18th century. In the first chapter, the distribution of these sectors is shown in detail. Within the scope of the present thesis, public private cooperation projects realized in the construction sector were examined. Firstly, the history of this model explained and the construction process for the projects that have been completed within this model have been mentioned. To shape the future projects in line with past projects, have been benefited from positive and negative results in the past. In public-private cooperation projects, governments have had to give guarantees to include private enterprises in infrastructure and superstructure projects and have had to took over many risk factors because of this partnership. Examining samples applied in the world and Turkey, which includes in the form of these risk factors and what the warranty of this projects is applicable in size have been evaluated. First, because of the credit rating of Brazil close to Turkey, two PPP projects were investigated. Funds and companies created to meet the financial guarantees of PPP projects in Brazil were examined. Similar funds with Turkey have been investigated and emphasized how to apply it under warranty. In the third section, the negative effects of the government guarantees and the unfair distribution of risk factors have been explained. Four projects in China have been selected and project / performance evaluation have been conducted. The results of this assessment reveals to the results for the risk of high guarantees and in which cases the government can be in a difficult situation. PPP projects realized in Turkey have been examined in the fourth section. The guarantees given in these projects have been searched and project / performance analysis have been performed. It is mentioned how the guarantees given are reflected to the government and indirectly to the citizens in economic terms. It has been determined that the traditional methods used in the calculation of the guarantee values do not include the uncertainty and risk concepts that they should be, in line with the examination of the existing projects. Instead, it is stated that the real option method, which includes options during and before the contract period, should have been used. As a result; PPP model for projects which is carried out in Turkey; the inability to implement risk management properly and the problems faced by the government in calculating the guarantees provided the basis of this deficiency. In this respect, by selecting examples from PPP model projects realized in other countries; to problematize of project planning, implementation and evaluation processes encountered in the positive / negative outputs, how it can be adapted to the PPP model project in Turkey and how to create a more optional selection by using uncertainty and risk concepts in warranty calculations have been identified. Key Words: Public Private Partnership, Government Guarantee, Real Option
Description
Keywords
İnşaat Mühendisliği, Garanti, Kamu-özel işbirliği, Kamu-özel sektör ortaklığı, Risk yönetimi, Civil Engineering, Guarantee, Public-private partnership, Public-private partnership, Risk management