Gender and Democracy in Indonesia: a Comparative Analysis of Women's Political Participation and Representation in Historical and Contemporary Contexts, With a Focus on Jakarta and Madura

Abstract

This thesis investigates the complex relationship between gender and democracy in Indonesia by comparing women's political participation and representation in two contrasting regions: Jakarta and Madura. Historically, women's roles in Indonesian politics have evolved through phases shaped by pre-colonial customs, colonial influence, and post-independence reforms. The study highlights how gender equality is both a benchmark and a driving force for a truly democratic society, and explores how local cultural norms, religious values, and socio-political structures continue to influence the political agency of women. Using a quantitative comparative approach, the research collected data from 60 respondents equally divided between Jakarta and Madura. It measured perceptions of women's political participation, support for female representation, and attitudes toward gender quota policies. Statistical tools such as descriptive analysis, reliability and validity testing, and comparative tests (Mann–Whitney U and independent t-tests) were used to identify significant differences between the two regions. The findings reveal that while Jakarta presents a more inclusive and supportive environment, Madura remains more constrained by patriarchal and religious traditions, which inhibit women's political roles. Despite national efforts through legal reforms and gender quota policies, significant barriers remain especially in rural areas like Madura. The research concludes that advancing women's political participation in Indonesia requires context-sensitive strategies that address not only institutional reforms but also deeply embedded cultural attitudes. By offering region-specific insights, this study contributes to a more inclusive understanding of democracy and provides recommendations for policymakers to strengthen gender-sensitive governance and equal political opportunities.