Publication: Karikatürlerde Konut Temsili: 1950-1970
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Date
2019-05-23
Authors
Çetinel, Meltem
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Abstract
Türkiye’nin konut tarihine, farklı disiplinler, zaman aralıkları veya temalar üzerinden odaklanan çok sayıda çalışma vardır. Bu çalışmaların bazılarının açıklayıcı ve bilgilendirici bir tonu olmakla beraber bazıları da çeşitli medya araçlarında konutun temsili ile ilgilenir. Söz konusu temsil meselesi bu çalışmanın da odak noktasıdır. Konut imgeleri, temsil yoluyla ve farklı medya araçları ile dünyayı dolaşma şansına sahiptir. Modern dünyada konutların medyadaki temsili ve yayılma potansiyeli, yeni konutların üretimi ve tanıtılması yoluyla yeni yaşam tarzının yayılmasına yardımcı olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 20. yüzyılın ortasında yeni konutların halka nasıl sunulduğu ve halkın da yeni konut tiplerini, üretimini ve beraberinde öngörülen yeni yaşam tarzını nasıl değerlendirdiği, mizah dergilerinden ve gazetelerden derlenen karikatürler aracılığıyla analiz edilmektedir. Profesyonel olmayan popüler medya araçlarının parçası olan karikatür, eleştiri ve yorum da barındırdığından dolayı mimarlık tarihi yazımına katkıda bulunabilir. Yönetici sınıftan bağımsız ve muhalefet eden bir karaktere sahip olduğundan, bu çalışmada incelenen modern konutun kamusal algısını ortaya koyma konusunda önemli potansiyele sahiptir. Karikatürü özel kılan, biçimsel özellikleri aracılığıyla bir kamuoyu yaratma potansiyelinin yanı sıra hâlihazırdaki kamuoyunu hiciv sanatı üzerinden yansıtmasıdır. Karikatür, mizah üretirken aynı zamanda toplumsal iktidar ilişkilerinin eleştirel bir değerlendirmesini de sunar. İncelediği konu ile doğrudan ilişkili olan ve dolayısıyla izleyici/halk tarafından gözlemlenebilecek mevcut sorunları veya eksiklikleri içeren bir çerçeve çizdiğinden, halka neyin sunulduğunu gözlemlemek için önemli bir belge haline gelir.
Karikatürde temsil edilenlerin iki yüzü vardır: Temsil edilen toplumda ortak bir görüş oluşmasını sağlarken aynı zamanda toplumsal tepkinin temsili olarak da görülebilir. Bu nedenle, dönemin karikatürleri sadece yirminci yüzyılın ortasındaki konut mimarisini daha geniş bağlamlarda temsil etmekle kalmayıp, aynı zamanda eleştirmektedirler. Dolayısıyla, bu karikatürler farklı bakış açılarından dönemin konut üretimi hakkında yeni anlatımlar üretebilmeyi sağlayacak tarih yazımı kaynaklarıdır. Bu çalışmada, Akbaba mizah dergisi ve Milliyet gazetesinden 1950-1970 yılları arasından derlenen karikatürler üzerinden, Türkiye konut tarihini okumak ve medya ile mimarlık arasındaki ilişkiyi karikatürler üzerinden yorumlamak hedeflenmektedir.
There are many studies focusing on the housing history of Turkey by centring on different areas, time periods or concepts. While some of them have a descriptive and informative tone, some of them deal with the representation of housing in several media tools. These images of houses have a chance to circulate around the world through different media tools that encourage the discussion on the design of domestic space. The representation of housing in the media of the modern world helps the dissemination of the new life-style in line with the production of new houses. In this study, caricatures from humour magazines and newspapers are chosen as a non professional media tool to understand how the new type of dwellings was presented to the public and relatedly how they were evaluated by them. Not only for being a non-professional media tool, but also due to their interpretative character instead of an academic stance, caricatures are valuable medium for contributing to the writing of architectural history. Caricatures have a great potential to reveal the public perception and cognition of modern housing since they are free from the ruling elites’ direction and have an antagonist characteristic. What makes caricatures unique is that, while they help to create public opinion by taking advantage of their formal characteristics, they also reflect the already existing public opinion through the art of satire. Caricatures are not only the material of humour, but also the critical evaluation of social power relations. What makes caricatures different from any art media is that they target a larger audience. Caricatures generally draw a frame that is directly related with the subject, which incorporate the current issues or deficiencies that could be observed by the public. Therefore, they become important documents for observing what is represented to the public because those represented have two faces: It is possible to read them as the tools of power to demonstrate a common thought or to see them as the representation of public reaction. Thus, contemporary caricatures not only presented but also criticized the mid century apartments in Turkey in their broader contexts, becoming important sources for architectural historiography to be analysed in order to be able to produce new narratives about housing from different perspectives. To do that, caricatures related with the housing from the humour magazine Akbaba and newspaper Milliyet in the period between 1950 and 1970 will be evaluated.
There are many studies focusing on the housing history of Turkey by centring on different areas, time periods or concepts. While some of them have a descriptive and informative tone, some of them deal with the representation of housing in several media tools. These images of houses have a chance to circulate around the world through different media tools that encourage the discussion on the design of domestic space. The representation of housing in the media of the modern world helps the dissemination of the new life-style in line with the production of new houses. In this study, caricatures from humour magazines and newspapers are chosen as a non professional media tool to understand how the new type of dwellings was presented to the public and relatedly how they were evaluated by them. Not only for being a non-professional media tool, but also due to their interpretative character instead of an academic stance, caricatures are valuable medium for contributing to the writing of architectural history. Caricatures have a great potential to reveal the public perception and cognition of modern housing since they are free from the ruling elites’ direction and have an antagonist characteristic. What makes caricatures unique is that, while they help to create public opinion by taking advantage of their formal characteristics, they also reflect the already existing public opinion through the art of satire. Caricatures are not only the material of humour, but also the critical evaluation of social power relations. What makes caricatures different from any art media is that they target a larger audience. Caricatures generally draw a frame that is directly related with the subject, which incorporate the current issues or deficiencies that could be observed by the public. Therefore, they become important documents for observing what is represented to the public because those represented have two faces: It is possible to read them as the tools of power to demonstrate a common thought or to see them as the representation of public reaction. Thus, contemporary caricatures not only presented but also criticized the mid century apartments in Turkey in their broader contexts, becoming important sources for architectural historiography to be analysed in order to be able to produce new narratives about housing from different perspectives. To do that, caricatures related with the housing from the humour magazine Akbaba and newspaper Milliyet in the period between 1950 and 1970 will be evaluated.
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Keywords
Modern Mimarlık, Konut, Karikatür, II. Dünya Savaşı Sonrası Dönem, Modern Architecture, Housing, Caricature, Postwar Period