Publication: İstanbul Deniz Surları ve Koruma Sorunları
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Semiz, Nisa
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Abstract
Bir yarımada üzerinde yer alan Tarihi İstanbul’un kuruluşundan itibaren tüm dönemlerine tanıklık eden İstanbul Deniz Surları, günümüze ulaşan izleriyle kentin kültürel ve arkeolojik mirasının başlıca unsurlarındandır. Deniz Surları, yarımadanın doğu ucunda kurulan bir Megara yerleşimine dayanan kentin, Roma egemenliğine geçmesinin ardından, MS 4. yüzyılda, İmparatorluğun yeni merkezi Konstantinopolis’e dönüşmesi ve MS 5. yüzyılda, yarımadanın neredeyse tümünü kaplayan nihai sınırlarına kavuşmasına paralel bir yapım süreci geçirmiştir. Artan tehditler neticesinde, Ortaçağ boyunca büyük önem taşıyan şehir surları, 15. yüzyılın ortasında, Osmanlılar’ın Konstantinopolis’i fethinin ardından önemlerini gün geçtikçe kaybetmişlerdir. 19. yüzyılda, Osmanlı askeri yapısının değişimiyle surlar işlevlerini tümden yitirmişler; büyük çaplı hasar ve kayıpları ilk bu dönemde yaşamışlardır. Cumhuriyet döneminde gerçekleşen planlama ve bayındırlık etkinlikleri ise, surlardaki tahribat ve kayıpların giderek artmasına neden olmuştur. Bugün, İstanbul Deniz Surları’nın bazı bölümleri ayaktadır. Üstelik, sahil surlarının ilk yapımlarındaki kıyıyla olan özgün ilişkileri, yarımadanın iki yönünde de sahil şeridinin genişlemesi sonucu yok olmuştur. Bu makalede, Deniz Surları’nın günümüze ulaşan bölümleri incelenerek, karşı karşıya oldukları koruma sorunları araştırılmıştır. Yapılan inceleme ve araştırmalar neticesinde, Deniz Surları’nda, doğal etkenlere, planlama kararları ve uygulama hatalarına, yasal ve yönetsel meselelere ve ekonomik ve sosyal nedenlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan koruma sorunları irdelenmiştir.
Istanbul Sea Walls, which have witnessed all the periods of the Historical Peninsula ever since its foundation, constitute one of the main elements of the city’s cultural and archaeological heritage. The Sea Walls underwent a construction process that paralleled to the long history of the city which was founded as a Megara settlement on the eastern apex of the peninsula, after the Roman rule, transformed into Constantinople—the new center of the Empire—in the 4th century, and then reached its final borders in the 5th century, occupying almost the entire peninsula. The seaward walls gained great importance due to increasing threats during the Middle Ages, however they lost their importance gradually after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in mid-15th century. In the 19th century, the fortifications became totally nonfunctional with the result of the modernization of the Ottoman military system and suffered its first losses. The urban planning activities and public works, carried out in the Republican period, caused even more damages and losses on the walls. Today, only some parts of Istanbul Sea Walls are intact. Moreover, the original relationship between the walls and the sea has been changed with the expansion of the coastlines on both sides of the Historical Peninsula. Within this article, the surviving parts of the Sea Walls are examined and their conservation problems are discussed. Furthermore, the conservation problems that have emerged as a result of natural factors, improper planning decisions and implementations, legal and administrative issues, and socioeconomic reasons, are investigated.
Istanbul Sea Walls, which have witnessed all the periods of the Historical Peninsula ever since its foundation, constitute one of the main elements of the city’s cultural and archaeological heritage. The Sea Walls underwent a construction process that paralleled to the long history of the city which was founded as a Megara settlement on the eastern apex of the peninsula, after the Roman rule, transformed into Constantinople—the new center of the Empire—in the 4th century, and then reached its final borders in the 5th century, occupying almost the entire peninsula. The seaward walls gained great importance due to increasing threats during the Middle Ages, however they lost their importance gradually after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in mid-15th century. In the 19th century, the fortifications became totally nonfunctional with the result of the modernization of the Ottoman military system and suffered its first losses. The urban planning activities and public works, carried out in the Republican period, caused even more damages and losses on the walls. Today, only some parts of Istanbul Sea Walls are intact. Moreover, the original relationship between the walls and the sea has been changed with the expansion of the coastlines on both sides of the Historical Peninsula. Within this article, the surviving parts of the Sea Walls are examined and their conservation problems are discussed. Furthermore, the conservation problems that have emerged as a result of natural factors, improper planning decisions and implementations, legal and administrative issues, and socioeconomic reasons, are investigated.