Publication: Karşılaştırmalı Uluslararası Ticaret Teorileri
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Date
2021
Authors
Küçük, Namıka Elif
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İKÜ Yayınevi
Abstract
Uluslararası ticaret teorileri ülkeler arasındaki ticaretin neden yapıldığını, hangi malların ticarete konu olacağını ve dış ticaret hadlerinin nasıl oluştuğunu açıklayan teorilerden meydana gelmektedir. Teoriler ülkelerin serbest ticaret koşulları altında ticaret yaptıkça elde edecekleri dış ticaretten kazançları ve dolayısıyla refah artışı sağlayacaklarını ortaya koymaktadır.
Bu bağlamda geleneksel uluslararası ticaret teorileri Adam Smith’in Mutlak Üstünlükler Teorisiyle başlayıp David Ricardo’nun “Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler Teorisi”, Alfred Marshall’ın “Teklif Eğrileri”, John Stuart Mill’in “Karşılıklı Talep Kanunu” ve nihayet Eli Heckscher ve Bertil Ohlin’in “Faktör Donatımı Teorisi” gibi teorilerle alan yazına katkılarla devam etmiştir. Yeni ticaret teorileri ise 1960’dan sonra ortaya çıkmış olup günümüz dünyasının ticaretini açıklamakta nispeten daha başarılı olan ticaret teoremleridir. Bu teoremler ise Nitelikli İşgücü Teorisi, Teknolojik Açık Teorisi, Ürün Yaşam Döngüsü Teoremi, Tercihlerde Benzerlik Teoremi, Ölçek Ekonomileri, Monopolcü Rekabet Teoremi’dir. Görüldüğü üzere ticaret teorileri ile ilgili alan yazın oldukça fazla olmakla birlikte bu teoriler arasında bağlantı kuran çalışmalara yeterli sayıda ulaşılamamaktadır. Bu durum ise uluslararası ticaret teorileri arasında neden sonuç ilişkisi kurarak konunun yeniden aktarılması ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada literatür taraması yapılarak ticaret teorileri arasındaki geçişler neden sonuç ilişkisi ortaya konularak aktarılmıştır.
Çalışmanın temel amacı uluslararası ticaret teorilerine geniş çerçeveden bakarak geleneksel ve yeni ticaret teorilerinin birbirileri arasındaki farkları ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla çalışmada sırasıyla geleneksel ticaret teorilerinden başlanarak ortaya çıkan teorilerin birbirlerini nasıl tamamladıkları ve her bir yeni teorinin sonunda bir sonraki teoriye neden ihtiyaç duyulduğu problemi deşifre edilerek konuya açıklama getirilmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu sayede uluslararası ticaret teorileri alan yazınında bir bütünlük yakalamaya çalışılacaktır.
International trade theories consist of theories explaining why trade between countries is made, which goods will be traded and how foreign terms of trade are formed. The theories reveal that countries will earn foreign trade earnings and thus increase their welfare as they trade under free trade conditions. In this context, traditional international trade theories start with Adam Smith's Absolute Advantages Theory and countinue with David Ricardo's "Comparative Advantages Theory", Alfred Marshall's "Offer Curves", John Stuart Mill's "Mutual Demand Law" and finally Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin’s 'Factor Endowment Theory'. New trade theories emerged after 1960 and they are relatively more successful in explaining the trade of today's world. These theorems are Skilled Labour Theory, The Technological Gap Theory, Product Cycle Theory, Similarity Theory in Preferences (Linder’s Theory), Economies of Scale and Monopolistic Competition. As can be seen, although the field related to trade theories is quite a lot in the literature, the studies linking these theories are not available in sufficient numbers. This situation created the need to re-transfer the issue by establishing a cause-effect relationship between international trade theories. Accordingly, the literature was scanned in the study and the transitions between trade theories were explained by revealing the cause and effect relationship. The main purpose of the study is to reveal the differences between traditional and new trade theories by looking at international trade theories from a broad perspective. For this purpose, in this study, it will be tried to explain how the theories emerging starting from traditional trade theories complement each other and why the next theory is needed at the end of each new theory. Thus, an integrity will be tried to be achieved in the literature on international trade theories.
International trade theories consist of theories explaining why trade between countries is made, which goods will be traded and how foreign terms of trade are formed. The theories reveal that countries will earn foreign trade earnings and thus increase their welfare as they trade under free trade conditions. In this context, traditional international trade theories start with Adam Smith's Absolute Advantages Theory and countinue with David Ricardo's "Comparative Advantages Theory", Alfred Marshall's "Offer Curves", John Stuart Mill's "Mutual Demand Law" and finally Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin’s 'Factor Endowment Theory'. New trade theories emerged after 1960 and they are relatively more successful in explaining the trade of today's world. These theorems are Skilled Labour Theory, The Technological Gap Theory, Product Cycle Theory, Similarity Theory in Preferences (Linder’s Theory), Economies of Scale and Monopolistic Competition. As can be seen, although the field related to trade theories is quite a lot in the literature, the studies linking these theories are not available in sufficient numbers. This situation created the need to re-transfer the issue by establishing a cause-effect relationship between international trade theories. Accordingly, the literature was scanned in the study and the transitions between trade theories were explained by revealing the cause and effect relationship. The main purpose of the study is to reveal the differences between traditional and new trade theories by looking at international trade theories from a broad perspective. For this purpose, in this study, it will be tried to explain how the theories emerging starting from traditional trade theories complement each other and why the next theory is needed at the end of each new theory. Thus, an integrity will be tried to be achieved in the literature on international trade theories.
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Keywords
Uluslararası Ticaret Teorileri, Geleneksel Ticaret Teorileri, Yeni Ticaret Teoremleri, International Trade Theory, Traditional International Trade, New Theories of International Trade