Meslek Yüksekokulları / Vocational Schools

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Analysis of Factors Affecting the Capital Adequacy Ratio in the Turkish Banking Sector
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022) KÖTEN, AYŞEGÜL BERRAK
The banking sector performs financial intermediation transactions in accordance with its basic function. Factors such as the diversification of financial products and rapid change in technology cause changes in the structure of the banking sector while also revealing the different types of risks. With regard to bank risk and profitability management, it is vital that capital structures are at such a level as to meet the risks. The adequacy and strength of the capital structures in banks are the basic conditions for the functioning of the system and the establishment of trust. Keeping this ratio at certain levels and ensuring continuity in this value is very important for banks to work effectively and efficiently. The study aims to determine the long-term relationships of factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) with the help of Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) LM Bootstrap panel cointegration test for commercial (deposit), development and investment and Islamic banking groups with the annual data for the 2010–2020 period in Turkish banking sector. As a result of the analysis of the three bank groups, it was determined that the total assets, liquidity adequacy ratio, and equity/total risk-weighted item ratios positively affected the capital adequacy ratio, and the market risk and nonperforming loan (NPL)/total cash loan ratios were statistically significantly affected. Furthermore, the coefficiency of the error correction term was negative and statistically significant, and the error correction mechanism was seen to be working. The most effective variable on capital adequacy was seen as the liquidity adequacy ratio. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Open Access
Analysis of Instagram Content of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)
(Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2024) Hazarhun, Eda; Bülbül, Serdar; ARSLAN, PELİN FATMA TUNA; Çetinsöz, Burçin Cevdet
The aim of this study is to discover what kind of posts are shared on the official Instagram page of the World Tourism Organization and the general information (number of followers, followed, number of posts, etc.) of the account. For this purpose, 213 photos and texts shared on the official Instagram account of the World Tourism Organization between 1 January 2023 and 1 January 2024 (one year) were subjected to content analysis. As a result of the content analysis; 12 main themes were identified: "celebrations", "country promotions", "tourism statistics", "tourism reports", "guidelines", "declaration", "tourism programs and strategies", "important days", "announcements", "news", "tourism types" and "tourism ambassadors". According to these themes, it has been determined that the World Tourism Organization used particular importance to strategies for ensuring both environmental and cultural sustainability in tourism, innovation and digitalization practices in tourism, global climate change and the development of tourism education. In addition, the World Tourism Organization focuses on the development of alternative tourism types such as "sustainable tourism", "gastronomy tourism", "responsible tourism", "rural tourism", "mountain tourism", "greener tourism", "event tourism", "marine tourism", "indigenous tourism", "sport tourism" and "accessible tourism", which enable tourism to spread to twelve months in destinations, reduce environmental destruction, protect local cultural values and transfer them to future generations and provide tourists with different experiences. This study contributes to the enrichment of the relevant literature by revealing the tourism strategies and policies that the World Tourism Organization has recently focused on and the alternative tourism types that have become a trend.
Open Access
Analyzing the Challenges to Adoption of Drones in the Logistics Sector Using the Best-Worst Method
(Adem Anbar, 2023) Çıkmak, Sinan; KIRBAÇ, GÖKHAN; Kesici, Buşra
Drones, which are unmanned aerial vehicles, are used in various areas. Some important worldwide companies have been interested to integrate drone technology into their logistics applications. Although the use of drones promises various advantages such as reducing costs and improving responsiveness in the logistics sector, there are also various challenges to the adoption of this technology. Therefore, this study aims to identify and prioritize the challenges to drone technology adoption in the logistics sector. Initially, 34 challenges under seven major dimensions for the study were identified by a thorough literature review and consultation with selected experts. Then, the best-worst method (BWM) is applied to rank these major challenges and associated sub-criteria. The results show that “terrorist attacks”, “lack of legal regulations”, “difficulty of flight permit processes”, “flight area limitation due to restrictive visual line of sight (VLOS)”, and “personal data protection” are the top five challenges that confront the logistics sector for adopting drone technology. The findings of this research will provide important insights to practitioners and researchers interested in new technologies that can be applied in the logistics sector.
Open Access
COVID-19’un Yiyecek İçecek İşletmelerine Olan Etkisi
(Doğuş Üniversitesi, 2022) Bilgin, Yasemin Koçak; TEKELİ, HACER NEYİR
Covid-19, dünya çapında yiyecek içecek işletmelerini önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Bu etkilerin yiyecek içecek işletmelerinin sahip olduğu komplike yapısı itibari ile geniş çaplı incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Araştırmanın amacı İstanbul’da bulunan yiyecek içecek işletmelerinde Covid-19 pandemisinin etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda 57 yiyecek içecek işletmesi ile derinlemesine yapılan görüşmeler Maxqda 2021 desteği ile betimsel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Bu veriler ışığında ekonomik etkiler, menüye etkisi, işgücüne etkisi, ürün tedariğine etkisi ve tüketici tercihlerine olan etkisi olmak üzere 5 ana temaya ulaşılmıştır. Bu temalar ile pandeminin yiyecek içecek işletmelerine genel anlamda yarattığı olumsuz etkileri ortaya koymaktadır. İşletmeler ekonomik anlamda büyük zorluklar yaşamaktadır. Bununla birlikte pek çok ürün için tedarik sıkıntısı ortaya çıkmıştır. Pandemi ile değişen tüketici davranışları işletmelerin, hem menülerinde değişikliğine gitmesine sebep olmuş hem de paket servis hizmetini mecbur hale getirmiştir. İşletmelerin özellikle sokağa çıkma yasaklarının olduğu dönemlerde aldığı paket servis, web sitesinden sipariş imkanı gibi yenilikler işletmelerin geleceğe ayak uydurmasında önemli adımlar olmakla birlikte işten çıkarma, zorunlu izin kullandırma gibi uygulamalar sektördeki tecrübeli iş gücünün kaybına sebep olmaktadır. Nitekim, alınan önlemlerin yetersizliği ve pandeminin beklenenden uzun süre devam etmesi gibi sebepler ile görüşülen işletmelerden 3 tanesi kapanmıştır.
Open Access
Does Occupational Self-Competence Perception Relate to Functional Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty?
(Hayat Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Vakfı, 2024) Yılmaz, Güleser Güney; AKEL, BURCU SEMİN; SAİTOĞLU, YELİZ SEVİMLİ; Akı, Esra
Aim: The study investigates the effect of occupational self-perception level on the functional status in the early period after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods: Occupational Self Assessment (OSA), Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) tests were administered before and at the 3rd and 6th week after surgery. Changes in COPM, KOOS, and TUG tests were analyzed using Friedman test. The relationship of OSA was examined using the Pearson correlation test. Results: Self-perception score was statistically in relation to TUG (r =- 0.600; p = 0.001). It was not significantly related with other assessment scores (p>0.05). Conclusion: Occupational self-competence perception of individuals affect their actual performance levels therefore; high occupational self-perception level may affect the recovery positively.
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Effect of Environment in Increasing Sustainable Competitiveness at Tourism Destination
(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Ertuğral, Suna Muğan; TEKELİ, HACER NEYİR; Arslan, Sezgi Gedik
Open Access
Evaluation of Public Relations Curriculum on Student and Sector Expectations: A Research on Istanbul Province
(Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, 2021) Özgen, Ebru; Yıldız, Engincan; AYDOĞDU, İREM
Communication education is important for every sector today. Students who receive public relations education should be directed to success by teaching honesty not only for today but also in their profession, which is open to all kinds of changes they will face in the long term. This qualitative research is an important article aimed at questioning the actuality of public relations education and curriculum. In this context, it was ensured that students and public relations managers evaluate the public relations curriculum. The article allowed public relations students and public relations managers to evaluate public relations education and curriculum. The study was carried out in 2 different samples. In the first sample, interviews were conducted with 44 public relations students about public relations education and curriculum with a semi-structured in-depth interview method. In the second stage, with the semi-structured in-depth interview method, 11 public relations managers were interviewed about public relations education and curriculum. In the findings of the study, the importance of foreign language, practical and theoretical knowledge for a good public relations education was revealed. It was concluded that both sides pointed out only the inadequacy of practical education. It has also been concluded that it emphasizes the importance of applied public relations. Accordingly, the importance of including applied education in the curriculum has emerged.
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Evaluation of the Effects of Blockchain Technology Characteristics on SCOR Model Supply Chain Performance Measurement Attributes Using an Integrated Fuzzy MCDM Methodology
(Taylor & Francis Ltd., 2023) Çıkmak, Sinan; Kantoğlu, Barış; KIRBAÇ, GÖKHAN
This research aims to investigate and identify the effects of blockchain technology (BT) characteristics on SCOR supply chain (SC) performance measurement attributes. To achieve this, initially, the importance weights of blockchain characteristics (BC) in the context of the SC are determined by using the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy AHP. Furthermore, in order to rank Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) model SC performance measurement attributes, the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy TOPSIS method is used. As for the conclusion, this research signifies that decentralised, security, and immutability are among the top three in terms of importance weights for SC while the consensus is ranked last and as for BC, SCOR model SC performance measurement attributes are ranked as reliability, asset management efficiency, responsiveness, cost, and agility. This study and its outcomes may serve organisations that are striving to boost their SC performance by applying BT.
Open Access
Evaluation Study of Using Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management Processes
(Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2021) KIRBAÇ, GÖKHAN
Nowadays, processes of information technologies have become important for supply chain management. Also, the supply chain processes become even more complex. In order to solve this complexity, businesses manage supply chain processes with many systems. Blockchain has a number of advantages for not only finance but also supply chain. The aim of this research is to serve a descriptive use case for using blockchain technology in the supply chain processes. In-depth interviews are conducted with supply chain managers and blockchain technology professionals. Architectural design processes of blockchain technology in the supply chain are determined. Lastly, Analytic Hierarchy Process was applied to the main characteristics of blockchain. This study is a descriptive study that serves as a roadmap for firms that want to use blockchain technology in their supply chain processes.Keywords: Supply Chain Management, Blockchain Technology, Blockchain Challenges, Logistics Processes, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
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Exploring the Impact of Digitalized Learning and Teaching Systems on the Big Five Personality Traits
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Arslan, Ezgi Yıldırım; Yıldırım, Osman; KAYNAŞ, TAYFUN; Atanasov, Koycho
As information technologies develop, educational technology tools develop and differentiate in parallel. Effective and easily applicable technological learning methods have great effects on both learning styles and teaching styles and even transform them. Keeping in mind the contributions of learning technologies to the learning environment, this chapter aimed to examine the effects of flipped learning styles on students’ personality traits. For this purpose, research data were collected by applying a face-to-face survey to 362 higher education students who accepted voluntary participation, and the obtained data were evaluated and interpreted with the help of statistical analysis. According to the analysis findings, important relationships emerged between the sub-dimensions of the flipped learning sub-dimensions of a model known as the big five models. For example, a flexible environment was found to be explained by 12.9% of personality traits, conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness to experience dimensions. One aspect that unifies this research is that educators’ attention is drawn to the points where the development of information technologies forces them to go beyond the classical classroom face-to-face teaching methods.
Open Access
Financial Performance Measurement of Logistics Companies Based on Entropy and Waspas Methods
(Melih Topaloğlu, 2021) Erdoğan, Hilal H.; KIRBAÇ, GÖKHAN
Purpose – The aim of this study is to measure financial performance of the logistics companies in the Fortune500 list. Companies' financials are used to enlighten the logistics sector and supply chain operations byrevealing the developments between 2015 and 2019. Design/Methodology/Approach – The performance of the companies is evaluated by utilizing multi-criteriadecision-making techniques. As the best performance criteria affecting the companies’ performance isdetermined by Entropy Method, the company with the best performance is determined by WASPASMethod. Selected financial measurements are net sales, earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT), total assets, totalequity, and the amount of export. Findings – It can be reached from the results that Export was determined as the best performance criteriaaffecting the logistics companies’ performance for all the years between 2015 and 2019. On the other hand,while Netlog is the best alternative in the year of 2015, 2016 and 2019, Borusan is the best alternative in theyear of 2017. Discussion – Supply chain and logistics processes have critical importance in delivering the goods andservices of businesses to the final consumers. Hence, logistics companies need to determine performancemeasurements while performing these services. It is believed that this study will be useful for the companieswho trade in different sectors and will contribute to the finance literature as a reference for further studies.In this context, because of their quite comprehensive natures, both Entropy and WASPAS methods can beconducted to any manufacturing-related decision-making processes.
Open Access
Hospital Selection Factors For Private Doctors Concerning Their Surgery Operations Services: An Application Of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)
(Türk Kooperatifçilik Kurumu, 2021) ERGENÇ, ERKUT; KIRBAÇ, GÖKHAN
The Doctors, who work in their own private clinic, cooperate with hospitals to perform specific surgeryoperations. In the healthcare sector the competition among health institutions is increasing. Therefore, theselection of an appropriate hospital is an important decision problem for the private doctors. There is somedecision criterias used among private doctors to choose the hospitals to conduct medical operations (suchas surgery, delivery) for their patients are addressed within the context of ServQual service qualitydimensions. Besides, by using a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) application, an examination ofthree hospitals in the Izmir province has been performed. This study has addressed the external stakeholderhospital choices of businesses that provide private clinic services before the Covid-19 Pandemic (before2020). As a result, the FAHP method was used in the final three hospitals. Private Doctors’ hospital choiceswere compared using the ServQual service quality dimensions, which included 10 different service qualityaspects.
Open Access
Novel OFDM System Using Orthogonal Pilot Symbols with Subcarrier Index Modulation
(Bajece (İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi), 2019) ACAR, YUSUF; Çolak, S. Aldırmaz
In this work, two new transmission schemes are proposed to increase the spectral efficiency of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). In practical OFDM systems, channel estimation is usually performed by employing pilot symbols which is based on inserting known symbols in the time-frequency domain. However, pilot symbol designing is one of the bottlenecks of OFDM systems limiting the increase of spectral efficiency. We apply new pilot design structures, which are use orthogonal Walsh-Hadamard codes. To increase the spectral efficiency of OFDM systems, we assign the extra bits to the index of the each orthogonal Walsh-Hadamard codes. Simulation and theoretical results show that proposed methods have better performance than conventional OFDM with higher spectral efficiency. Moreover, no more energy is spent for additional information carried in the indices compared to classical OFDM systems. As a result, proposed methods provide both spectral efficiency and energy efficiency.
Open Access
Öğrencilerin Mezuniyet Sonrası İş Yaşamından Beklentileri
(Prof. Dr. Yüksel ÖZTÜRK, 2021) Arslan, Hakan; ARSLAN, PELİN FATMA TUNA; Zengin, Burhanettin
Bu çalışmanın amacı turizm eğitimi alan öğrencilerin mezuniyet sonrasında iş yaşamından beklentilerini tespit etmektir. Bu beklentilerin hangi faktörler etrafında geliştiği ve bu faktörlerin birbirleri ile ilişkilerinin incelememsi de bu çalışmanın ana hedeflerinden birisidir. Bu amaçla derinlemesine bilgi elde edebilmek amacıyla veri toplama araçlarından mülakat yöntemi kullanılmış ve bu kapsamda toplam 81 öğrenciden veri toplanmıştır. Nitel araştırma olarak planlanan bu çalışma ile elde edilen veriler MAXQDA nitel analiz programı ile içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Bu kapsamda kelime bulutu, kod ilişkileri tarayıcısı, kodlu bölüm ağırlıkları, çakışan kodlar gibi analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda mezuniyet sonrası beklentileri açıklayan beş adet faktöre ulaşılmıştır. Bu faktörler sırasıyla kariyer, çalışma ortamı, eğitim, işveren ve maaş olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca elde edilen bu beklenti faktörlerinin birbirleri ile ilişkileri de irdelenmiştir.
Open Access
Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of the Interpersonal Affect Improvement Strategies Questionnaire (IAISQ)
(Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Association, 2022) Turgut, Tuğba; Çetintaş, Şeyda; BELET, EDA ÖZTÜRK; Avcu, Akif
The aim of this study was to adapt the Interpersonal Affect Improvement Strategies Questionnaire (IAISQ) into Turkish population, as well as to examine its validity and reliability estimates. The sample consisted of 610 university students. The original factor structure of the scale was confirmed in Turkish sample by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The internal reliability coefficient was found as.75 for overall scale (.74 for Positive Engagement subscale, .63 for Acceptance subscale). Significant correlation coefficients were found between the subscales of IAISQ and Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ), confirming a good criterion related validity. Overall results suggest that Turkish form of IAISQ is a valid and reliable measure to use for research purposes in order to investigate the Turkish students' interpersonal affect improvement strategies. © Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance. All rights reserved.
Open Access
The Role of Internal Control in Hotel Business: A Research on Five-Star Hotels
(Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, 2020) Akmeşe, Halil; GÜNDOĞAN, HİLAL
Today, the growth of enterprises and the more eomplexity of their activities bring up the need for an internalcontrol system. Therefore, an effeetive internal control system must be established in hotel enterprises in orderto minimize the risks that may arise. Based on this fact, the main purpose of this study is to determine thepereeptions of hotel managers towards the internal control system and to examine the effeets of dependentvariable of "internal control system" on the independent variables of "segregation of duties", "protection ofassets" and "verification of transactions". Additionally, the sub-objeetive of this study is to researeh therelationships between managers' pereeptions of the internal control system and demographie eharaeteristies.The researeh was earried out with the partieipation of 120 managers in jive-star hotel enterprises operating inAlanya. The researeh data was eolleeted through questionnaire teehnique. As a result of the research, there wasno signifieant differenee between the independent variables of "segregation of duties", "protection of assets "and "verification of transactions" and the internal control system pereeptions of the managers. However, it wasalso eoncluded that managers ' pereeptions of the internal control system differed statistieally according to theiredueational status.
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Shedding Light Into the Biological Activity of Aminopterin, Via Molecular Structural, Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Analyses
(Taylor & Francis Inc., 2023) Çelik, Sefa; YILMAZ, GÖZDE; AKYÜZ, SEVİM; Özel, Ayşen E.
In this study, the structural and anticancer properties of aminopterin, as well as its antiviral characteristics, were elucidated. The preferred conformations of the title molecule were investigated with semiempirical AM1 method, and the obtained the lowest energy conformer was then optimized by using density functional (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-311++G(d,p) as basis set. The vibrational frequencies of the optimized structure were calculated by the same level of theory and were compared with the experimental values. The vibrational assignments were performed based on the computed potential energy distribution (PED) of the vibrational modes. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO, LUMO) analyses were carried out for the optimized structure and the chemical reactivity has been scrutinized. To enlighten the biological activity of aminopterin as anticancer and anti-COVID-19 agents, aminopterin was docked into DNA, & alpha;(IIB)& beta;(3) and & alpha;(5)& beta;(1)integrins, human dihydrofolate reductase, main protease (M-pro) of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 complex receptor. The binding mechanisms of aminopterin with the receptors were clarified. The molecular docking results revealed the strong interaction of the aminopterin with DNA (-8.2 kcal/mol), & alpha;(IIB)& beta;(3) and & alpha;(5)& beta;(1) integrins (-9.0 and -10.8 kcal/mol, respectively), human dihydrofolate reductase (-9.7 kcal/mol), M-pro of SARS-CoV-2 (-6.7 kcal/mol), and SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 complex receptor (-8.1 kcal/mol). Moreover, after molecular docking calculations, top-scoring ligand-receptor complexes of the aminopterin with SARS-CoV-2 enzymes (6M03 and 6M0J) were subjected to 50 ns all-atom MD simulations to investigate the ligand-receptor interactions in more detail, and to determine the binding free energies accurately. The predicted results indicate that the aminopterin may significantly inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, in this study, as both anticancer and anti-COVID-19 agents, the versatility of the biological activity of aminopterin was shown.
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Structural and Spectral Analysis of Anticancer Active Cyclo(Ala-His) Dipeptide
(Taylor & Francis Inc., 2020) Çelik, Sefa; YILMAZ, GÖZDE; Özel, Ayşen E.; AKYÜZ, SEVİM
The theoretically possible most stable conformation of the cyclic dipeptide, which has a significant anticancer activity, was examined by conformational analysis method and then by DFT calculations. With DFT calculations, cyclo(Ala-His) dipeptide was found to be more stable in boat form than in planar conformation. Moreover, conformations of the dimeric forms of the title molecule were investigated. The dimeric forms of the cyclo(Ala-His) dipeptide were created by combining two identical cyclo(Ala-His) monomers, in lowest energy configuration and as a result three energetically possible dimeric structures were obtained. The solid phase FTIR and Raman spectra of cyclo(Ala-His) have been recorded. The spectra were interpreted with the aid of quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory, using B3LYP and wb97xd methods with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set, in order to elucidate structural and spectral properties of the investigated molecule. Experimental vibrational spectra are found to be in accord with the simulated vibrational spectra. The assignment of the vibrational modes was performed depending on the calculated potential energy distribution (PED).In slicomolecular docking of cyclo(Ala-His) was also carried out with DNA. The drug likeness and ADMET properties were analyzed for the prediction of pharmacokinetic profiles. The results revealed that the compound has the potential to be the leading molecule in the drug discovery process.
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Turkey's Economy From Different Perspectives After 1980: The Past, Present and the Future
(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Yılmaz, Ebru Gül; TEKELİ, HACER NEYİR
Turkey has a crucial change in terms of economic infrastructure after the decision of opening up the economy at 1980. Following import substituting industrialization strategy ended with an economic crisis at the end of 1970s. With the beginning of 1980s in January a very radical economic program has announced that brought economic liberalization. After economic liberalization each economic dynamic has changed as never going to be the same again especially after opening up the capital account completely at 1989. The aim of this book is to share the academic research outputs and the field experiences on Turkey's economy for the related period with contributors from different backgrounds and different perspectives. The contributors to this book with their both academic and field experience provide a broad scanning understanding of the Turkey's Economy after 1980's and also expand the readers horizon on having a better understanding of expectations for the future. We appreciate them for becoming a team and we sincerely thank each of them for sharing their experience and expertise.
Open Access
Women's Employment in Tourism Sector in Turkey, Issues Faced, and the Effect of Glass Ceiling Syndrome on Women Workforce in Tourism
(ASOS Eğitim Bilişim Danışmanlık Otomasyon Yayıncılık Reklam Sanayi ve Ticaret LTD ŞTİ., 2019) TEKELİ, HACER NEYİR
After the Second World War, there has been a significant increasein the income of individuals worldwide. The increase in income hasproportionally brought about more work, tiring working conditions andthe fatigue of the working life. These factors along with ecologicalcomponents, employees’ need for rest, the spread of mass media, andthe advancement of technology have been influential in the developmentof tourism. As a matter of fact, these developments have been growingand growing every year. The number of tourists has increased everyyear giving rise to increased international tourism revenues. Tourismmovement on a world scale is in an ever increasing trend. According tothe data of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 673 millionpeople participated in the tourism movement in 2000, while the saidparticipation increased to 1.046 million in 2010. According to theestimates of the same Organization, the number of people participatingin the tourism movement on a global scale will increase to 1.602 millionin 2020. In parallel with this mobility, it has been estimated thatapproximately 2 trillion dollars of international tourism income will begenerated in 2020 (www.unwto.org, 23.03.2011). The growth of tourismand the increase in the number of investments in tourism point to agrowing employment potential. The choice of seasonal employment inmany destinations of tourism offers opportunities especially for twogroups in terms of job opportunities; women and young people. The aimof this study was to focus on employment and especially femaleemployment in the tourism sector, which is an ever growing trend,called smokeless industry in economies of countries, and which is the star of service sector. Problems in female employment and especiallyglass ceiling syndrome have been examined through literature review.

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